by Kristin Hannum<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, an emergency room physician who is also an environmental activist traveled from Washington state to Italy with an extraordinary Catholic document he wanted to share with Jesuit Father Michael Czerny, now Cardinal Czerny. Dr. John Osborn knew the Canadian priest was working with Pope Francis on an encyclical that would clarify the church\u2019s teaching on climate change, the poor and the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The encyclical, of course, was \u201cLaudato Si\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The document Osborn brought to Rome was \u201cThe Columbia River Watershed: Caring for Creation and the Common Good,\u201d a pastoral letter issued by the 12 Catholic bishops of the Pacific Northwest in 2001. The bishops wrote that they hoped \u201cwe might work together to develop and implement an integrated spiritual, social and ecological vision for our watershed home, a vision that promotes justice for people and stewardship of creation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI gave Father Czerny a copy and we talked for more than an hour,\u201d said Osborn. \u201cI don\u2019t know if it was incorporated directly into \u201cLaudato Si,\u2019\u201d but I like to think that the spirit of the Columbia River watershed pastoral letter helped form its foundation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A \u201cwatershed\u201d may not sound like much, but in fact the Columbia River watershed is bigger than France, nearly 259,000 square miles. It reaches into seven states and British Columbia in Canada, and it drains more water into the Pacific Ocean than any other river in North or South America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 1,243-mile-long river, with its tributaries, was once blessed with the largest salmon runs on earth. At least 10 to 16 million salmon annually made their way to spawn up its wide, mighty reaches, roaring narrows and rippling stream beds. Some of the fish reached 100 pounds; salmon weighing more than 50 pounds were common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe exchanged the richest salmon river on earth for one of the world\u2019s most intensely integrated hydropower systems,\u201d said Osborn. \u201cMany benefited, but it came at a wrenching cost for some \u2014 particularly Indigenous peoples.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The letter acknowledges that reality. It also considers the people (more than 8 million as of 2016) who live within the watershed, people who depend on hydroelectricity and on the flood control the dams provide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beginnings<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The pastoral letter\u2019s beginnings were at Mount Angel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 1990s, a grant from the ecumenical National Religious Partnership for the Environment paid for a retreat on the hilltop, led by Benedictine Father Hugh Feiss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt was a real retreat,\u201d said Walter Grazer, former manager of the Environmental Justice Program of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. \u201cWe didn\u2019t delve into issues, we prayed together.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Father Feiss directed the group of Catholic social justice ministers in gratitude for God\u2019s creation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the last couple hours of their time together, regional groups met to consider what project they might take on together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those from Pacific Northwest dioceses began thinking about water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next meeting took place the following year at St. John\u2019s University in Collegeville, Minnesota. By then those Northwestern attendees knew they wanted to focus on the mighty \u2014 and mightily dammed and polluted \u2014 Columbia River. They put together a proposal to develop a letter, and their plan intrigued Bishop William Skylstad of Spokane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHe immediately appreciated the seed of the idea,\u201d said Frank Fromherz, then head of the Archdiocese of Portland\u2019s Office of Life, Justice and Peace. \u201cHe was close to the ground, close to the water and the earth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bishop Skylstad had grown up along the Methow River, a tributary to the Columbia, in central Washington. \u201cThe river meant a lot to us,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bishop Skylstad notes that throughout Scripture there are references to how flowing water \u2014living water \u2014 renews life and connects creation. He saw God\u2019s hand at work in the Columbia River as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Columbia River runs through mountainous areas to dry highlands and lush lowlands,\u201d he said. \u201cIt also connects a diversity of communities along the river \u2014 including Portland and so many small towns where irrigation is paramount.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The church as convener<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The letter\u2019s steering committee convened thousands of Northwesterners from all walks of life and beliefs over two years as they held listening sessions. Eight sessions, held from November 1997 to March 1999, one in each of the dioceses represented, provided a forum for people to share their thoughts about the river. After a draft was released, the committee traveled to another seven venues, between August and November 1999, to hear what people thought about what had been written.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe process was critical,\u201d said Fromherz. \u201cWe marshaled a lot of resources and energy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They traveled to Hanford, Washington, where they heard that millions of gallons of radioactive waste had been stored in the 1940s in tanks meant to last 20 years. The tanks were leaking into groundwater and threatened to contaminate the river.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They heard from environmentalists in Portland and fishermen at the Columbia Maritime Museum in Astoria. They listened to people whose relationship with the river was framed in what Fromherz calls a \u201cWoody Guthrie economic New Deal worldview,\u201d where the river played a deeply significant economic role in their lives, whether that is because they worked in the barge industry or because their jobs were fueled by cheap energy through hydropower. The committee heard from Indigenous people who spoke to the need to dismantle dams and restore the free flow of the river for the sake of the salmon and river\u2019s health, and the people\u2019s spiritual health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The gold mining industry, which leaves behind arsenic-poisoned reaches of the river, sent representatives who pointed out that the church uses gold chalices. Other speakers said the church shouldn\u2019t use gold sourced through the leaching process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI looked at it as the church as convener,\u201d said Grazer. \u201cThat\u2019s a fabulous role for the church. They were pulling together Native Americans, loggers, city folk, people who were concerned with fishing and hunting. And the church was listening \u2014 not saying, \u2018Here\u2019s the answer.\u2019 You had all kinds of people who did not want to be in the room together. But the church provided a space for people to speak in an atmosphere of respect for one another. It serves as a great model.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sessions were sometimes tense. A science professor from the Salish Kootenai College in Montana, interviewed by the New York Times about the letter, described a meeting during which a logger harangued Bishop Skylstad \u201cat length.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bishop Skylstad, who chaired the steering committee, went to all the meetings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The genial bishop remembers that for the most part even hot-button issues \u2014 like breaching the dams \u2014 were addressed civilly, despite some speakers being fearful about the future. While \u201csustainability\u201d was a dirty word for some participants, Bishop Skylstad never felt any controversy over whether it was appropriate to care about the river. The letter was never about lowering the boom on anyone, he said. \u201cBut we need to take responsibility.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Msgr. Charles Lienert, who was a consultant for the letter, was impressed by the respectful dialogue, something he thinks the church is still especially equipped to bring about. The key, he said, is to truly listen to another person\u2019s story, their hopes and fears, what brings them joy. \u201cThat is powerful,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mary Jo Tully, former chancellor of the Archdiocese of Portland, was delighted by the letter\u2019s ability to connect, which also included connecting different religious communities. \u201cI didn\u2019t expect it to be an ecumenical document,\u201d she said. \u201cBut it was. The sacramental notion of creation is something all these faith communities held. The document became a wonderful tool for dialogue because we could all reflect upon it together.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Catholic theology and the environment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the mid-1990s, at the time of the letter\u2019s genesis, there was not much to tie Scripture passages on creation to crises of environmental destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The beginnings were there. The bishops of Appalachia had released a pastoral letter, \u201cThis Land is Home to Me,\u201d in 1975 about the devastation that mountaintop removal coal mining was leaving behind and the effect on the poor. In 1990 St. John Paul spoke to creation care in his World Day of Peace statement, \u201cThe Ecological Crisis: A Common Responsibility.\u201d The U.S. bishops released \u201cRenewing the Earth: An Invitation to Reflection and Action in Light of Catholic Social Teaching\u201d in 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The pope and bishops were arguing that God loves his creation, wanted humanity to protect it and that the issue was intricately bound with the church\u2019s option for the poor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grazer disagrees with American historian Lynn White\u2019s influential 1966 paper that blamed the environmental crisis not only on the technological ability to destroy the planet, but more profoundly on the Western worldview. The Judeo-Christian worldview, argued White, sees humanity as separate, completely divorced from nature and the world \u2014 a recipe for destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut that rapaciousness doesn\u2019t square with Scripture,\u201d said Grazer. \u201cBringing out what is really in the Bible corrects those misperceptions that give people permission to be rapacious toward nature.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grazer believes the letter\u2019s insights are mirrored in \u201cLaudato S\u00ed\u2019.\u201d \u201cI see a consistency of themes,\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s biblically based and flows out of Catholic social teaching.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A tool for reflection<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Archbishop John Vlazny of Portland first heard about the project, he was hesitant. Newly arrived in the archdiocese, his calendar was full, getting to know the parishes and people he was charged to shepherd. He signed on anyway. \u201cWe became involved, and I felt very good about it,\u201d he said. \u201cAt the heart of it was that God is the creator and he entrusts the earth to human care.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archbishop Vlazny remembers the listening sessions. \u201cWhat if we really did share the river equitably?\u201d facilitators asked. \u201cWhat about swimming and farming and fishing?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe were trying to make it practical,\u201d he said. That meant looking at the river for its economic value but also including its intrinsic value in the equation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe weren\u2019t trying to guilt anyone, but just to make them think,\u201d Archbishop Vlazny said. \u201cWe all need to realize the river is a gift.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The letter, Archbishop Vlazny said, was meant to be a tool for reflection, not a handbook for action. He said it provided conversion opportunities for him personally, admitting that his generation hadn\u2019t paid enough attention to caring for the environment. \u201cGod still gives me things to pray about,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trudie Atkinson, a member of St. Thomas More Parish in Eugene, reread the letter recently. Atkinson said she has begun thinking about what she can do to protect the watershed \u2014 like picking up trash when she walks. \u201cThat action reminds me what a wonderful gift the water is, and to thank God for it,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atkinson, who studied \u201cLaudato Si\u2019\u201d at her parish, is grateful that the letter is, like the encyclical, an accepted part of church teaching, emphasizing the link between protecting vulnerable populations and the protection of the environment. \u201cCare for the earth means caring for the very least,\u201d she said. \u201cThis is basic Catholic teaching.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One river, ethics matter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osborn still remembers the visceral relief he felt upon reading the letter 20 years ago. He\u2019d been feeling exhausted, and it gave him hope. \u201cWe\u2019d been through the forest wars over spotted owls and mining wastes, and fundamentally these are ethical issues,\u201d he said. \u201cThe letter makes that so incredibly clear. It\u2019s a powerful tool in engaging the region in a conversation about the future of the Columbia River.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As part of an alliance of environmental advocates, Osborn has been using the letter as a framework to structure annual \u201cOne River, Ethics Matter\u201d conferences since 2014. They discuss the Columbia River Treaty, now being renegotiated, between Canada and the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe letter provides a foundation for talking about principles like stewardship and justice,\u201d he said. \u201cWhen you\u2019re looking at conflicts and trade-offs, you\u2019re looking to share the benefits and burdens.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe pastoral letter is a very important statement that ethics need to play a primary role in how decisions are made by society for today and tomorrow,\u201d agreed Phil Harju, Cowlitz tribal chairman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under the current 1964 treaty, the dams are managed solely for flood control and hydropower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osborn\u2019s alliance would like to see environmental health and salmon sustainability become a third driving consideration. They also call for tribal nations to be at the table and part of renegotiations. Canada has agreed to that, the United States has not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canadian and U.S. negotiators are also making changes necessitated because of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harju said the Cowlitz people have experienced numerous atrocities as European immigrants moved to the tribe\u2019s lands, including \u201csubrogation to other sovereign governments, pandemics more deadly than COVID, theft of our lands and natural resources, destruction of our first foods, and attempts to eliminate our people and culture.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harju said by email that it wasn\u2019t too late to remedy the environmental damage that has come in the past century. \u201cThe future needs to be different,\u201d he wrote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 500 people registered for the latest \u201cOne River, Ethics Matter\u201d conference, which took place in December in Vancouver, Washington. Many of those attendees were federal employees of Canada and the United States, and they are being evangelized by the letter, because all conferences are organized using its structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne of the values of the letter is first encouraging people to come together to listen,\u201d Osborn said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harju said it\u2019s vital for the general non-Indigenous community to understand what has happened to the Cowlitz people, \u201cso that the future can be brighter for us all.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n